Here are sources and other information related my videos entitled “The FACTS about Anti-Black Police Bias (with sources)” and “No, poverty doesn’t explain police racism.” If you haven’t seen those videos, you can watch them below:
SOURCES:
Some studies are listed more than once, as they contain evidence for multiple claims.
Police kill black people at a higher rate than white people
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/ (Use the tool on the site)
Police kill more unarmed Black Americans than unarmed White Americans
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/ (Use the tool on the site)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0141854
There is no correlation between the rate of crime and the rate at which police kill people
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/campaign-zero-debunks-police-killings-myth_n_5678c575e4b014efe0d6a2cd
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0141854
NYC's Stop and Frisk program was (and still is) biased against Black and Latinx people, even after controlling for crime rate
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1198/016214506000001040
The vast majority of people stopped by Stop-and-Frisk are innocent of any crimes
https://www.nyclu.org/en/stop-and-frisk-data
There's no evidence that Stop-and-Frisk reduces crime
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2016/live-updates/general-election/real-time-fact-checking-and-analysis-of-the-first-presidential-debate/fact-check-trump-on-crime-statistics-and-stop-and-frisk/
Black people are more likely to be pulled over/stopped
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/opinions/systemic-racism-police-evidence-criminal-justice-system/?fbclid=IwAR1zYGnveOb5EuNTw12wqbxap3o0pk5Gx8Iec4vocDb4zMvKsFQM0kcRFKQ#Juries
https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-state-report-finds-significant-racial-disparities-for-police-traffic-stops-in-20150407-story.html
https://web.uri.edu/police/files/2016-Rhode-Island-Traffic-Stop-Study.pdf
https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo17322831.html
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/09/03/how-st-louis-county-missouri-profits-from-poverty/
https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.justice.gov_sites_default_files_opa_press-2Dreleases_attachments_2015_03_04_ferguson-5Fpolice-5Fdepartment-5Freport.pdf&d=DwMFaQ&c=RAhzPLrCAq19eJdrcQiUVEwFYoMRqGDAXQ_puw5tYjg&r=nbKK7coza-77jenLzGL-ANiuQ3Xcws_fKsT8_vAbPP4&m=ZLM6jx8CaY2x8m7oQKacYJlnuPN-KG2S1kqUiCMqnbw&s=NzUV0zgYxZxzh1SlsWaMBMt1lrHfynrK1-ba5l1MiFA&e=
https://www.postandcourier.com/archives/pull-over-five-things-to-remember-when-you-see-the/article_c898fb10-8905-5eba-ba01-7b2d15312fb4.html
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/07/17/what-data-on-20-million-traffic-stops-can-tell-us-about-driving-while-black/
Black people are more likely to be searched during a stop, even though they are less likely to be found with contraband
https://www.aclum.org/sites/default/files/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/reports-black-brown-and-targeted.pdf
https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/sdpdvehiclestopsfinal.pdf
http://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/vpr/files/201803/a_deeper_dive_into_racial_disparities_in_policing_in_vermont_3.26_final.pdf
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.05376.pdf
https://vtdigger.org/2019/07/30/racial-disparities-search-rates-decline-in-burlington-police-traffic-stops/
https://www.springfieldmo.gov/DocumentCenter/View/45970/Racial-and-Ethnic-Disparity-in-Traffic-Stops-Report-2012-2016-
Racial bias diminishes at night, when officers are unable to determine race
https://5harad.com/papers/100M-stops.pdf?utm_source=The+Appeal&utm_campaign=3a050d7014-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_08_09_04_14_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_72df992d84-3a050d7014-58394763
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-020-0858-1
Police are more likely to use force against black people
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/03/us/minneapolis-police-use-of-force.html
https://www.dispatch.com/news/20190821/columbus-police-use-force-disproportionately-against-minorities-study-finds
https://bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com/postandcourier.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/c/98/c9836a0e-e3b6-11e9-9b2d-ffb3c58d9204/5d9254e3cddbd.pdf.pdf
https://theintercept.com/2018/08/16/chicago-police-misconduct-racial-disparity/
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2018/10/12/policing/
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/05/chicago-police-department-consent-decree-black-lives-matter-resistance.html
Black people are arrested more for misdemeanors, even tho they commit them at similar rates than whites
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3146057
Black people use and sell drugs at similar rates as white people, but are arrested and imprisoned at a much higher rate
https://www.aclu.org/report/tale-two-countries-racially-targeted-arrests-era-marijuana-reform?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=f3aa6ff4-fdc5-4596-b96a-2c0fe443df39
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/13/nyregion/marijuana-arrests-nyc-race.html
https://www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Marijuana-Arrests-NYC--Unjust-Unconstitutional--July2017_2.pdf
Police raids are used more often against Black people
https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/jus14-warcomeshome-report-web-rel1.pdf
Police civil asset forfeiture affects Black people more than white people.
https://reason.com/2017/06/13/poor-neighborhoods-hit-hardest-by-asset/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2014/09/06/stop-and-seize/
Black people are more likely to be wrongfully accused/convicted of a crime
http://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/Race_and_Wrongful_Convictions.pdf
https://www.texastribune.org/2017/03/07/report/
http://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/Race_and_Wrongful_Convictions.pdf
https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/3/7/14834454/exoneration-innocence-prison-racism
Black defendants are more likely than white defendants to be detained pretrial
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2019/10/09/pretrial_race/
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/247227.pdf
https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/miami-justice-system-discriminates-against-blacks-aclu-data-shows-10540037
https://www.dailyprogress.com/dailyprogress/report-finds-racial-disparity-at-almost-every-level-of-local-criminal-justice-system/article_8c1dad70-7e3a-565b-a98c-f9bc4a189862.html
Black people have higher bail amounts
https://s3.amazonaws.com/gnocdc/reports/Daniels_bondage_to_bail_bonds.pdf?utm_source=In+Justice+Today+Newsletter&utm_campaign=3d53385f09-&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_0331e33901-3d53385f09-53303735
https://university.pretrial.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=202d2e68-415c-3402-9efa-c61c9a8e9eef&forceDialog=0
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1990324
Black people receive longer/harsher sentences for similar crimes
http://projects.heraldtribune.com/one-war-two-races/punishment
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3036726
https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2017/20171114_Demographics.pdf
Black people make up the largest racial demographic incarcerated, on parole or on probation
https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2018/12/06/community-supervision-marked-by-racial-and-gender-disparities
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2378023119829332
https://www.providencejournal.com/article/99999999/NEWS/151209537
Black people are more likely to have their probation revoked than white people
https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/22746/413174-Examining-Racial-and-Ethnic-Disparities-in-Probation-Revocation.PDF
Black people are more likely to be punished with solitary confinement
https://solitarywatch.org/2013/11/02/prison-segregation-racial-disparities/
https://theintercept.com/2015/07/16/rikers-study-black-inmates-250-percent-likely-enter-solitary/
Violent crime is a symptom of, if not a direct result of poverty
https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5137
An examination of how a legacy of racism diminished the generational wealth of black people
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/02/27/examining-the-black-white-wealth-gap/
Black people are perceived as more threatening and less trustworthy than white people
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/03/black-men-threatening
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798889/
https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-a0035663.pdf
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110425153551.htm
People are more likely to die in police interactions when they live in poorer neighborhoods with less white people
https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304851
There is evidence of racial bias in police killings, even when controlling for income levels
https://www.peoplespolicyproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PoliceKillings.pdf
Information about a culture of White Supremacy, bigotry, and violence within American law enforcement